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- Network Working Group Michael J. Karels
- Request for Comments: 936 UC Berkeley
- February 1985
-
- Another Internet Subnet Addressing Scheme
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- Status of this Memo
-
- This RFC suggests a proposed protocol for the ARPA-Internet
- community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Introduction
-
- There have been several proposals for schemes to allow the use of a
- single Internet network number to refer to a collection of physical
- networks under common administration which are reachable from the
- rest of the Internet by a common route. Such schemes allow a
- simplified view of an otherwise complicated topology from hosts and
- gateways outside of this collection. They allow the complexity of
- the number and type of these networks, and routing to them, to be
- localized. Additions and changes in configuration thus cause no
- detectable change, and no interruption of service, due to slow
- propagation of routing and other information outside of the local
- environment. These schemes also simplify the administration of the
- network, as changes do not require allocation of new network numbers
- for each new cable installed. The motivation for explicit or
- implicit subnets, several of the alternatives, and descriptions of
- existing implementations of this type have been described in detail
- [1,2]. This proposal discusses an alternative scheme, one that has
- been in use at the University of California, Berkeley since
- April 1984.
-
- Subnet Addressing at Berkeley
-
- As in the proposal by Jeff Mogul in RFC-917, the Berkeley subnet
- addressing utilizes encoding of the host part of the Internet
- address. Hosts and gateways on the local network are able to
- determine the subnet number from each local address, and then route
- local packets based on the subnet number. Logically, the collection
- of subnets appears to external sites to be a single, homogenous
- network. Internally, however, each subnet is distinguished from the
- others and from other networks, and internal routing decisions are
- based on the subnet rather than the network number.
-
- The encoding of subnet addresses is similar to that proposed in
- RFC-917. In decomposing an Internet address into the network and
- host parts, the algorithm is modified if the network is "local", that
- is, if the network is a directly-connected network under local
- administrative control. (Networks are marked as local or non-local
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- RFC 936 February 1985
- Another Internet Subnet Addressing Scheme
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- at the time each network interface's address is set at boot time.)
- For local addresses, the host part is examined for a subnet number.
- Local addresses may be on the main network, or they may be on a
- subnet. The high-order bit of the host number is used to distinguish
- between subnets and the main net. If the high-order bit of the host
- field is set, then the remainder of the high-order byte of the host
- part is taken to be the subnet number. If the high-order bit is
- clear, then the address is interpreted in the normal fashion. For
- Class A networks, using 8-bit subnet fields, this allows a network
- with up to 127 subnets, each of 65535 hosts maximum, and a main net
- with 2^23 hosts. Class B nets may include 127 subnets, each of up to
- 255 hosts, and 32767 hosts on the main net. Class C networks are not
- currently included in this scheme. They might be reasonably be added,
- using four bits of the host part for a subnet desgination and four
- bits for the host, allowing 8 subnets of 15 hosts and 126 hosts on
- the main net.
-
- The current implementation does not use subnet numbers separately
- from the network field, but instead treats the subnet field as an
- extension of the network field. Functions that previously returned
- the network number from an address now return a network or
- network-subnetwork number. Conveniently, Class A subnets are
- distinguishable from Class B networks, although each is a 16-bit
- quantity, and Class B subnets are disjoint with Class C network
- numbers. The net result is that subnets appear to be separate,
- independent networks with their own routing entries within the
- network, but outside of the network, they are invisible. There is no
- current facility at Berkeley for broadcasting on the logical network;
- broadcasting may be done on each subnet that uses harware capable of
- broadcast.
-
- Discussion
-
- There have been several earlier proposals for methods of allowing
- several physical networks to share an Internet network designation,
- and to provide routing within this logical network. RFC-917 proposes
- a means for encoding the host part of each local address such that
- the hosts, or the gateways connecting them, are able to determine the
- physical network for the host. The current proposal is most similar
- to that scheme; the differences are discussed in detail below.
-
- Another proposal (RFC-925) involves the use of intelligent gateways
- to perform routing for unmodified hosts, using an Address Resolution
- Protocol (ARP) [2]. This has the advantage of placing all
- modifications in the gateways, but is likely to require additional
- routing protocols and caching mechanisms in the gateways in order to
- avoid excessive broadcasts for address resolution. A modification of
-
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- RFC 936 February 1985
- Another Internet Subnet Addressing Scheme
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- this method is to perform encoding of subnets within host addresses
- by convention to simplify the routing in the gateways, without
- modifying host software to recognize these subnet addresses. These
- techniques were not considered for use at Berkeley, because all
- packet forwarding was being done by multi- homed hosts, all of which
- ran the same software as the singly-homed hosts (4.2BSD Unix).
-
- The most recent proposal, RFC-932 [3], provides subnetting by
- encoding the network part of the Internet address rather than the
- host part. Ordinary hosts need not know of this convention,
- eliminating the need for modification to host software. Gateways
- would be able to take advantage of this encoding to compress the
- routing information for the collection of networks into a single
- entry. Unfortunately, implementation of that scheme would require a
- fairly concerted transition by the gateways of the Internet, or the
- transition period would be likely to overflow the routing tables in
- the existing gateways. All of the hosts on the larger networks would
- be forced to change addresses from their current Class A or B
- addresses to "B 1/2" addresses. There are a limited number (4096) of
- blocks of Class C addresses available using this encoding. The
- number of universities and other organizations having already
- implemented subnets or contemplating their installation argues for a
- more extensible scheme, as well as one that can be implemented more
- quickly.
-
- The current proposal is most similar to that of RFC-917; indeed, the
- two implementations are nearly compatible. There are two differences
- of significance. First, the use of a bit to distinguish subnetted
- addresses from non-subnetted addresses allows both smaller subnets
- and a larger (physical or logical) main network. Half of the host
- addresses within a Class A or B network are reserved for use in
- subnets, the other half are available for the primary net. This may
- useful when using a hardware medium that is capable of supporting
- large numbers of hosts or for transparent subnetting (e.g. using
- ARP-based bridges). The corresponding disadvantage is that fewer
- subnets may be supported. The allocation of bits between the subnet
- number and the host field could be adjusted, but for Class B
- networks, neither is excessively large. Given the limited address
- space of the current Internet addressing, this is a difficult choice.
-
- The second difference is that the width of the subnet field is fixed
- in advance. This simplifies the already-too-complicated code to
- interpret Internet addresses, and avoids the bootstrap problem. If
- the subnet field width is to be determined dynamically, some fraction
- of the hosts on a network must be prepared to specify this value, and
- the situation will be unworkable if one of these hosts does not make
- the correct choice or none are accessible when other machines come
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- up. Also, the recovery procedure proposed by RFC-917 seems
- unnecessarily complicated and liable to fail. Dynamic discovery of
- this value depends on another modification as well, the addition of a
- new ICMP request. The alternatives are to specify the field size as
- a standard, or to require each implementation to be configurable in
- advance (e.g with a system compilation option or the use of a system
- patch installed when a host is initially installed. The use of a
- standard field width seems preferable, and an 8-bit field allows the
- most efficient implementations on most architectures. For Class C
- nets, a 4-bit field seems the only choice for a standard division.
-
- References
-
- [1] J. Mogul, "Internet Subnets", RFC-917, Stanford University,
- October 1984
-
- [2] J. Postel, "Multi-LAN Address Resolution", RFC-925, USC-ISI,
- October 1984
-
- [3] D. Clark, "A Subnet Addressing Scheme", RFC-932, MIT-LCS,
- January 1985
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